Thụy Sĩ: Kinh tế
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Kinh tế Thụy Sĩ là một trong những nền kinh tế ổn định nhất trên thế giới. Chính sách an ninh tiền tệ và giữ kín bí mật ở ngân hàng làm cho Thụy Sĩ trở thành một địa điểm an toàn cho các nhà đầu tư.
Do đất nước có diện tích nhỏ và chuyên môn hóa cao trong lao động, nên
ngành công nghiệp và thương mại là các nhân tố chính của nền kinh tế Thụy
Sĩ.
Thụy Sĩ là nước có mức sống cao, với GDP bình quân đầu người là 33.800 USD. Thụy Sĩ cũng là thành viên của nhiều tổ chức thương mại như OECD, WTO, EFTA, JEC.
The economy of Switzerland is one of the world's most stable economies. Its policy of long-term monetary security and political stability has made Switzerland a safe haven for investors, creating an economy that is increasingly dependent on a steady tide of foreign investment. Because of the country's small size and high labor specialisation, industry and trade are the keys to Switzerland's economic livelihood. Switzerland has achieved one of the highest per capita incomes in the world with low unemployment rates and a balanced budget. The service sector has also come to play a significant economic role.
During World War I, Switzerland suffered an economic crisis. It was marked by a decrease in energy consumption, energy being mostly produced by coal in the 1910s, 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. The war tax[specify] was introduced. As imports were difficult, attempts were made to strengthen the Swiss economy. The cultivation of grain was promoted, and the Swiss railway became the first to use electric instead of coal-burning, steam-driven engines[citation needed].
In the 1920s Switzerland's energy consumption increased[citation needed].
Throughout the 1930s Switzerland's energy consumption stagnated[citation needed].
In the 1940s, particularly during World War II the economy profited from the increased export and delivery of weapons to the German Reich. However, Switzerland's energy consumption decreased rapidly. The conduct of the banks cooperating with the Nazis[citation needed] and the commercial relations with the axis powers during the war became the subject of sharp criticism, resulting in a short period of international isolation of Switzerland from the world. After World War II, Switzerland's production facilities remained to a great extent undamaged which facilitated the country's swift economic resurgence[citation needed].
In the 1950s, annual GDP growth averaged 5% and Switzerland's energy consumption doubled. Coal lost its rank as Switzerland's primary energy source, as other fossil fuels such as crude and refined oil and natural and refined gas imports increased. This decade also marked the transition from an industrial economy to a service economy. Since then the service sector has been growing faster than the agrarian and industrial sectors[citation needed].
In the 1960s, annual GDP growth averaged 4% and Switzerland's energy consumption doubled. By the end of the decade oil was Switzerland's primary energy source[citation needed].
Founded in 1971, the World Economic Forum is one of the major annual meetings in the world
In the 1970s GDP growth rates gradually declined from a peak of 6.5%
in 1970 until contracting 7.5% in 1975 and 1976. Switzerland became
increasingly dependent on oil imported from its main supplier, the OPEC
cartel. The 1973 international oil crisis caused Switzerland's energy
consumption to decrease from 1973 to 1977. In 1974 there were three
nationwide car-free Sundays when private transport was prohibited as a
result of the oil supply shock. From 1977 onwards GDP grew, however
Switzerland was also affected by the 1979 energy crisis which resulted in a short term decrease of Switzerland's energy consumption[citation needed].
In the 1980s, Switzerland was affected by the hike in oil prices which resulted in a decrease of energy consumption until 1982 when the economy contracted by 1.3%. From 1983 on both GDP and energy consumption grew[citation needed].
In the 1990s, Switzerland's economy was marred by slow growth, having the weakest economic growth in Western Europe. The economy was affected by a 3-year-recession from 1991 to 1993 when the economy contracted by 2%, which also became apparent in Switzerland's energy consumption and export growth rates. Switzerland's economy averaged no appreciable increase (only 0.6% annually) in gross domestic product (GDP). After having unemployment rates lower than 1% prior to 1990, the 3-year-recession also caused the unemployment rate to rise to its all-time-peak of 5.3% in 1997. And thus, as of 2008, Switzerland is at the second place among European countries with populations above one million in terms of nominal and purchasing power parity Gross Domestic Product per capita, behind Norway (see list). On numerous occasions in the 1990s real wages decreased since nominal wages couldn't keep up with inflation. However, beginning in 1997, a global resurgence in currency movement provided the necessary stimulus to the Swiss economy. It slowly gained momentum and peaked in the year 2000 with 3.6% growth in real terms[citation needed].
In the early 2000s recession, being so closely linked to the economies of Western Europe and the United States, Switzerland was not able to escape the slowdown felt in these countries. After the worldwide stock market crashes in the wake of the 9/11 terrorism attacks there were more announcements of false enterprise statistics and exaggerated managers' wages. In 2001 the rate of growth dropped to 1.2%, to 0.4 % in 2002 and in 2003 the real GDP contracted by 0.2%. That economic slowdown had a noticeable impact on the labour market. Many companies announced mass dismissals and thus the unemployment rate rose from its low of 1.9% in June 2000 to its peak of 3.9% in October 2004, although well below the European Union (EU) unemployment average of 8.9%. The consumer mood worsened and domestic consumption decreased[citation needed]. The exports of goods and services in the EU and the USA decreased as a result of the Swiss Franc's appreciation in value which caused an increase in prices of exported goods and services. On the other hand Switzerland's tourism sector slumped and room occupation rates by foreign guests decreased. Besides that a deficit of market competition in many branches of Switzerland's economy persisted[citation needed].
On the 10.11.2002 the economics magazine Cash published 5 measures which political and economic actors were suggested to implement so that Switzerland would once again experience an economic revival:
1. Private consumption should be promoted with decent wage increases. In addition to that families with children should get discounts on their health insurances.
2. Switzerland's national bank should revive investments by lowering interest rates. Besides that monetary institutes should increasingly credit consumers and offer cheaper land zones which are to be built on.
3. Switzerland's national bank is asked to devalue the Swiss Franc, especially compared to the Euro.
4. The government should implement the anti-cyclical measure of increasing budget deficits. Government spending should increase in the infrastructural and educational sectors. Lowering taxes would make sense in order to promote private household consumption.
5. Flexible work schedules should be instituted, thus avoiding low demand dismissals.
These measures were applied with successful results along with the government's policy of the Magical Hexagon which consists of full employment, social equality, economic growth, environmental quality, positive trade balance and price stability. The rebound which started in mid 2003 saw growth rate growth rate averaging 3% (2004 and 2005 saw a GDP growth of 2.5% and 2.6% respectively; for 2006 and 2007, the rate was 3.6%). In 2008, GDP growth was modest in the first half of the year while declining in the last two quarters. Because of the base effect, real growth came to 1.9%. While it contacted 1.9% in 2009, the economy started to pick up in Q3 and by the second quarter of 2010, it had surpassed its previous peak. Growth for 2010 stood at 2.6%[15] The stock market collapse has deeply affected investment income earned abroad. This has translated to a substantial fall in the surplus of the current account balance. In 2006, Switzerland recorded a 15.1% per GDP surplus. It went down to 9.1% in 2007 and further dropped to 1.8% in 2008. It recovered in 2009 and 2010 with a surplus of 11.9% and 14.6% respectively. As of the first quarter 2010, Switzerland house prices are still edging up.[16]
This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Switzerland at market prices estimated[15] by the Swiss Government with figures in millions of Swiss Francs.
The city of Zurich, the most important of the country and one of the world's major financial centers, hosts the Swiss Stock Exchange
The Swiss economy follows the typical First World model with respect to the economic sectors. Only a small minority of the workers are involved in the Primary or Agricultural sector (3.8% of the population, in 2006) while a larger minority is involved in the Secondary or Manufacturing sector (23% in 2006). The majority of the working population are involved in the Tertiary or Services sector of the economy (73.2% in 2006).[17] While most of the Swiss economic practices have been brought largely into conformity with the European Union's policies, some trade protectionism remains, particularly for the small agricultural sector.[18]
Swiss free-range cattle.
Emmentaler (also known as Swiss Cheese), while some Swiss types are AOC restricted, generic Emmentaler is produced around the world.
Switzerland is extremely protective of its agricultural industry.
High tariffs and extensive domestic subsidisations encourage domestic
production, which currently produces about 60% of the food consumed in
the country.
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Switzerland is subsidising more than 70% of its agriculture compared to 35% in the EU. The 2007 Agricultural Program, recently adopted by the Swiss Federal Assembly, will increase subsidies by CHF 63 million to CHF 14.092 billion.
Protectionism acts to promote domestic production, but not to reduce prices or the cost of production, and there is no guarantee the increased domestic production is actually consumed internally; it may simply be being exported, to the profit of the producers. 90 to 100% of potatoes, pork, veal, cattle and most milk products, are produced in the country. Beyond that, Swiss agriculture meets sixty-five per cent of the domestic food demand.[19]
Prices are not reduced because, in the absence of import tariffs, the price of food would settle to that of the cheapest provider (which would often be external to Switzerland thus more costly in food miles). Import tariffs raise the price of imported food and Swiss domestic production only has to be cheaper than these artificially raised prices. The consumer pays more than they otherwise would.[dubious ]
The cost of production is not reduced by subsidy; it merely makes the final point-of-sale price lower than it would otherwise be, since some of the cost of production is borne by the State. However, the State obtains the money for the subsidy by taxation, which falls ultimately on the consumer. Subsidy merely alters who pays for what (although in this case it now pays for farming practices that are environmentally respectful). Furthermore, if the food products produced are in fact being exported, the subsidy of their production costs makes them unusually competitive in the world market, which increases the profits of the producers; in other words, the State is in fact taxing the local population with an outcome which is actually merely to increase the profit of food producers.[dubious ]
The stringent policy of agricultural protectionism is generally harmful to the workforce.[citation needed] Domestic agriculture acts as a shield against beneficial import of labour.[citation needed] Some people[who?] assert that Switzerland has a high cost of living not only in food but also rents, since much land needed for human occupation is retained by farms, but this is easily countered by statistics. About 40% of Switzerland is used for agricultural purposes, alpine pastures included,[19] and the surface of arable and permanent cropland is 10.6 percent of total land area (Europe 13.4%, world 11.3% - 1998 survey). This corresponds with 61 hectares of cropland per 1,000 people (Europe 422 ha/1000 people, world 251 ha/1000 people)[19][20] Thus the high rents are probably caused primarily by other factors such as the high population density and the tiny size of the country.
The first reform in agricultural policies was in 1993. Among other changes, since 1998 Switzerland has linked the attribution of farm subsidies with the strict observance of good environmental practice. Before farmers can apply for subsidies, they must obtain certificates of environmental management systems (EMS) proving that they: “make a balanced use of fertilizers; use at least 7% of their farmland as ecological compensation areas; regularly rotate crops; adopt appropriate measures to protect animals and soil; make limited and targeted use of pesticides.”[21] 1,500 farms are driven out of business each year. But the number of organic farms increased by 3.3 percent between 2003 and 2004, and organic sales increased by 7 percent to $979 million.[22] Moreover, Swiss consumers consider less important the drawback of higher prices for organic food compared to locally produced, conventional food.[19]
The CIA World Factbook
estimates Switzerland's 2011 exports at $308.3 billion and the 2010
exports at $258.5 billion. Imports are estimated to be $299.6 billion in
2011 and $246.2 billion in 2010. According to the World Factbook
numbers, Switzerland is the 20th largest exporter and the 18th largest
importer.[18]
The United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database has lower
numbers for Switzerland's exports and imports. The UN calculates exports
at $223.5 billion in 2011 and $185.8 billion in 2010. The value of all
imports in 2011 was $197.0 billion and in 2010 it was $166.9 billion.[23]
Switzerland's largest trading partner is Germany. In 2009, 21% of Switzerland's exports and 29% of its imports came from Germany. The United States was the second largest destination of exports (9.1% of total exports) and the fourth largest source of imports (6.7%). Switzerland's neighbors made up next largest group; Italy was third for exports (8.6%) and second for imports (10%), France was fourth for exports (8%) and third for imports (8.1%) and Austria was fifth for exports (4.6%) and sixth for imports (3.7%). Major non-European trading partners included; Japan (seventh for exports with 3.6% and twelfth for imports with 2%), China (eighth for exports and imports with 3.1% and 2.5% respectively) and Turkey (sixteenth for exports with 1.2% and ninth for imports with 2.3%).[24]
As a first world country with a skilled labor force, the majority of Swiss exports are precision or high tech finished products. Switzerland's largest specific SITC categories of exports include; medicaments, glycosides and vaccines, watches, orthopaedic appliances and precious jewellery. Some raw ores or metals are exported, but the majority of the exports in this category are finished jewellery or other finished products. Agricultural products that Switzerland is famous for, such as cheese (0.29%), wine (0.05%) and chocolate (0.39%) all make up only a small portion of Swiss exports and agricultural products make up only a small portion of all exports.[24]
Switzerland's main imports include; medicaments, cars, precious jewellery and other unclassified transactions. While Switzerland has a long tradition of manufacturing cars,[25] there are currently no large-scale assembly line automobile manufacturers in the country.
Photochrom of the Hotel Wildstrubel in the Bernese Oberland in the 1890s.
Switzerland has a highly developed tourism infrastructure, especially in the mountainous regions and cities, making it a good market for tourism-related equipment and services.
14% of hotels were in Grisons, 12% each in the Valais and Eastern Switzerland, 11% in Central Switzerland and 9% in the Bernese Oberland. The ratio of lodging nights in relation to resident population ("tourism intensity", a measure for the relative importance of tourism to local economy) was largest in Grisons (8.3) and Bernese Oberland (5.3), compared to a Swiss average of 1.3. 56.4% of lodging nights were by visitors from abroad (broken down by nationality: 16.5% Germany, 6.3% UK, 4.8% USA, 3.6% France, 3.0% Italy) [26]
The total financial volume associated with tourism, including transportation, is estimated to CHF 35.5 billion (as of 2010) although some of this comes from fuel tax and sales of motorway vignettes. The total gross value added from tourism is 14.9 billion. Tourism provides a total of 144,838 full time equivalent jobs in the entire country. The total financial volume of tourist lodging is 5.19 billion CHF and eating at the lodging provides an additional 5.19 billion. The total gross value added of 14.9 billion is about 2.9% of Switzerland's 2010 nominal GDP of 550.57 billion CHF.[27][28]
Bank of International Settlements in Basel
Swiss neutrality and national sovereignty, long recognized by foreign nations, have fostered a stable environment in which the banking sector was able to develop and thrive. Switzerland has maintained neutrality through both World Wars, is not a member of the European Union, and was not even a member of the United Nations until 2002.[30][31]
Currently an estimated 28 percent of all funds held outside the country of origin (sometimes called "offshore" funds) are kept in Switzerland.[32] In 2009 Swiss banks managed 5.4 trillion Swiss Francs.[33]
The Bank of International Settlements, an organization that facilitates cooperation among the world's central banks, is headquartered in the city of Basel. Founded in 1930, the BIS chose to locate in Switzerland because of the country's neutrality, which was important to an organization founded by countries that had been on both sides of World War I.[34]
Foreign banks operating in Switzerland manage 870 billion Swiss francs worth of assets (as of May 2006).[35]
With the peak of the number of bankruptcies in 2003, however, the mood was pessimistic. Massive layoffs and dismissals by enterprises resulting from the global economic slowdown, major management scandals and different foreign investment attitudes have strained the traditional Swiss labour peace. Swiss trade unions have encouraged strikes against several companies, including Swiss International Air Lines, Coca-Cola, and Orange. Total days lost to strikes, however, remain among the lowest in the OECD.
Switzerland has since brought most of their practices into conformity with European Union policies and norms in order to maximise the country's international competitiveness. While most of the EU policies are not contentious, police and judicial cooperation to international law enforcement and the taxation of savings are controversial, mainly because of possible side effects on bank secrecy.
Swiss and EU finance ministers agreed in June 2003 that Swiss banks would levy a withholding tax on EU citizens' savings income. The tax would increase gradually to 35% by 2011, with 75% of the funds being transferred to the EU. Recent estimates value EU capital inflows to Switzerland to $8.3 billion.
Thụy Sĩ là nước có mức sống cao, với GDP bình quân đầu người là 33.800 USD. Thụy Sĩ cũng là thành viên của nhiều tổ chức thương mại như OECD, WTO, EFTA, JEC.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Economy of Switzerland | |
|---|---|
 Swiss banknotes |
|
| Rank | 27th [1] |
| Currency | 1 Swiss franc (CHF 1) |
| Fiscal year | Calendar year |
| Trade organisations | EFTA, WTO and OECD |
| Statistics | |
| GDP | CHF 550.6 billion (2010)[2][3][4] $527.9 billion $364.5 billion PPP |
| GDP growth | 2.8% nominal 1.7% per capita nominal 2.7% real 1.6% per capita real |
| GDP per capita | CHF 70,334 $75,440 current (nominal) $46,815 PPP[5] |
| GDP by sector | agriculture (1.2%) industry (27.5%) services (71.3%) (2011 est.) |
| Inflation (CPI) | 0.2%[6] |
| Population below poverty line |
4.8 %[7] |
| Gini coefficient | 33.7 (2008) |
| Labour force | 4.547 million[8] |
| Labour force by occupation |
agriculture (3.4%) Industry (23.4%) services (73.2%) (2010) |
| Unemployment | 3.1% (2011)[9] |
| Main industries | machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments |
| Ease of Doing Business Rank | 26th[10] |
| External | |
| Exports | $308.3 billion (2011 est.) |
| Export goods | machinery, chemicals, metals, watches, agricultural products |
| Main export partners | Germany 19.2%, US 10.2%, Italy 7.9%, France 7.7%, UK 5.9% (2010) |
| Imports | $299.6 billion (2011 est.) |
| Import goods | machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural products, textiles |
| Main import partners | Germany 32%, Italy 10.2%, France 8.5%, US 5.3%, Netherlands 4.5%, Austria 4.3% (2010) |
| FDI stock | $395.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.) |
| Gross external debt | $1.346 trillion (30 June 2011) |
| Public finances | |
| Public debt | 52.4% of GDP (2011 est.) |
| Revenues | $222 billion (2011 est.) |
| Expenses | $216.8 billion (2011 est.) |
| Economic aid | donor: ODA CHF2.31 billion (0.47% of GDP)[11] |
| Credit rating | |
| Foreign reserves | US$291.073 billion (March 2011)[14] |
| Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars |
|
The economy of Switzerland is one of the world's most stable economies. Its policy of long-term monetary security and political stability has made Switzerland a safe haven for investors, creating an economy that is increasingly dependent on a steady tide of foreign investment. Because of the country's small size and high labor specialisation, industry and trade are the keys to Switzerland's economic livelihood. Switzerland has achieved one of the highest per capita incomes in the world with low unemployment rates and a balanced budget. The service sector has also come to play a significant economic role.
Contents |
History
Switzerland's agrarian sector shrank during the Industrial Revolution. Its industrial sector began to grow in the mid-19th century, and had become the largest in Europe by the beginning of the 20th century. At this point, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe[citation needed].During World War I, Switzerland suffered an economic crisis. It was marked by a decrease in energy consumption, energy being mostly produced by coal in the 1910s, 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. The war tax[specify] was introduced. As imports were difficult, attempts were made to strengthen the Swiss economy. The cultivation of grain was promoted, and the Swiss railway became the first to use electric instead of coal-burning, steam-driven engines[citation needed].
In the 1920s Switzerland's energy consumption increased[citation needed].
Throughout the 1930s Switzerland's energy consumption stagnated[citation needed].
In the 1940s, particularly during World War II the economy profited from the increased export and delivery of weapons to the German Reich. However, Switzerland's energy consumption decreased rapidly. The conduct of the banks cooperating with the Nazis[citation needed] and the commercial relations with the axis powers during the war became the subject of sharp criticism, resulting in a short period of international isolation of Switzerland from the world. After World War II, Switzerland's production facilities remained to a great extent undamaged which facilitated the country's swift economic resurgence[citation needed].
In the 1950s, annual GDP growth averaged 5% and Switzerland's energy consumption doubled. Coal lost its rank as Switzerland's primary energy source, as other fossil fuels such as crude and refined oil and natural and refined gas imports increased. This decade also marked the transition from an industrial economy to a service economy. Since then the service sector has been growing faster than the agrarian and industrial sectors[citation needed].
In the 1960s, annual GDP growth averaged 4% and Switzerland's energy consumption doubled. By the end of the decade oil was Switzerland's primary energy source[citation needed].
In the 1980s, Switzerland was affected by the hike in oil prices which resulted in a decrease of energy consumption until 1982 when the economy contracted by 1.3%. From 1983 on both GDP and energy consumption grew[citation needed].
In the 1990s, Switzerland's economy was marred by slow growth, having the weakest economic growth in Western Europe. The economy was affected by a 3-year-recession from 1991 to 1993 when the economy contracted by 2%, which also became apparent in Switzerland's energy consumption and export growth rates. Switzerland's economy averaged no appreciable increase (only 0.6% annually) in gross domestic product (GDP). After having unemployment rates lower than 1% prior to 1990, the 3-year-recession also caused the unemployment rate to rise to its all-time-peak of 5.3% in 1997. And thus, as of 2008, Switzerland is at the second place among European countries with populations above one million in terms of nominal and purchasing power parity Gross Domestic Product per capita, behind Norway (see list). On numerous occasions in the 1990s real wages decreased since nominal wages couldn't keep up with inflation. However, beginning in 1997, a global resurgence in currency movement provided the necessary stimulus to the Swiss economy. It slowly gained momentum and peaked in the year 2000 with 3.6% growth in real terms[citation needed].
In the early 2000s recession, being so closely linked to the economies of Western Europe and the United States, Switzerland was not able to escape the slowdown felt in these countries. After the worldwide stock market crashes in the wake of the 9/11 terrorism attacks there were more announcements of false enterprise statistics and exaggerated managers' wages. In 2001 the rate of growth dropped to 1.2%, to 0.4 % in 2002 and in 2003 the real GDP contracted by 0.2%. That economic slowdown had a noticeable impact on the labour market. Many companies announced mass dismissals and thus the unemployment rate rose from its low of 1.9% in June 2000 to its peak of 3.9% in October 2004, although well below the European Union (EU) unemployment average of 8.9%. The consumer mood worsened and domestic consumption decreased[citation needed]. The exports of goods and services in the EU and the USA decreased as a result of the Swiss Franc's appreciation in value which caused an increase in prices of exported goods and services. On the other hand Switzerland's tourism sector slumped and room occupation rates by foreign guests decreased. Besides that a deficit of market competition in many branches of Switzerland's economy persisted[citation needed].
On the 10.11.2002 the economics magazine Cash published 5 measures which political and economic actors were suggested to implement so that Switzerland would once again experience an economic revival:
1. Private consumption should be promoted with decent wage increases. In addition to that families with children should get discounts on their health insurances.
2. Switzerland's national bank should revive investments by lowering interest rates. Besides that monetary institutes should increasingly credit consumers and offer cheaper land zones which are to be built on.
3. Switzerland's national bank is asked to devalue the Swiss Franc, especially compared to the Euro.
4. The government should implement the anti-cyclical measure of increasing budget deficits. Government spending should increase in the infrastructural and educational sectors. Lowering taxes would make sense in order to promote private household consumption.
5. Flexible work schedules should be instituted, thus avoiding low demand dismissals.
These measures were applied with successful results along with the government's policy of the Magical Hexagon which consists of full employment, social equality, economic growth, environmental quality, positive trade balance and price stability. The rebound which started in mid 2003 saw growth rate growth rate averaging 3% (2004 and 2005 saw a GDP growth of 2.5% and 2.6% respectively; for 2006 and 2007, the rate was 3.6%). In 2008, GDP growth was modest in the first half of the year while declining in the last two quarters. Because of the base effect, real growth came to 1.9%. While it contacted 1.9% in 2009, the economy started to pick up in Q3 and by the second quarter of 2010, it had surpassed its previous peak. Growth for 2010 stood at 2.6%[15] The stock market collapse has deeply affected investment income earned abroad. This has translated to a substantial fall in the surplus of the current account balance. In 2006, Switzerland recorded a 15.1% per GDP surplus. It went down to 9.1% in 2007 and further dropped to 1.8% in 2008. It recovered in 2009 and 2010 with a surplus of 11.9% and 14.6% respectively. As of the first quarter 2010, Switzerland house prices are still edging up.[16]
This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Switzerland at market prices estimated[15] by the Swiss Government with figures in millions of Swiss Francs.
| Year | Gross Domestic Product / | US Dollar Exchange |
|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 184,080 | 1.67 Francs |
| 1985 | 244,421 | 2.43 Francs |
| 1990 | 330,925 | 1.38 Francs |
| 1995 | 373,599 | 1.18 Francs |
| 2000 | 422,063 | 1.68 Francs |
| 2005 | 463,799 | 1.24 Francs |
| 2006 | 490,545 | 1.25 Francs |
| 2007 | 521,068 | 1.20 Francs |
| 2008 | 547,196 | 1.08 Francs |
| 2009 | 535,282 | 1.09 Francs |
| 2010 | 546,245 | 1.04 Francs |
| 2011 | in progress | 0.75 Francs |
Sectors
Industrial
Switzerland has an extensive industrial sector, it is not very well known around the world but present with companies in different industrial sectors such as food processing like Nestlé, chemical for industrial and construction use like Sika AG, pharmaceutical like Novartis, roof coating Sarnafil, among many others.Agriculture
 |
The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints. (January 2011) |
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Switzerland is subsidising more than 70% of its agriculture compared to 35% in the EU. The 2007 Agricultural Program, recently adopted by the Swiss Federal Assembly, will increase subsidies by CHF 63 million to CHF 14.092 billion.
Protectionism acts to promote domestic production, but not to reduce prices or the cost of production, and there is no guarantee the increased domestic production is actually consumed internally; it may simply be being exported, to the profit of the producers. 90 to 100% of potatoes, pork, veal, cattle and most milk products, are produced in the country. Beyond that, Swiss agriculture meets sixty-five per cent of the domestic food demand.[19]
Prices are not reduced because, in the absence of import tariffs, the price of food would settle to that of the cheapest provider (which would often be external to Switzerland thus more costly in food miles). Import tariffs raise the price of imported food and Swiss domestic production only has to be cheaper than these artificially raised prices. The consumer pays more than they otherwise would.[dubious ]
The cost of production is not reduced by subsidy; it merely makes the final point-of-sale price lower than it would otherwise be, since some of the cost of production is borne by the State. However, the State obtains the money for the subsidy by taxation, which falls ultimately on the consumer. Subsidy merely alters who pays for what (although in this case it now pays for farming practices that are environmentally respectful). Furthermore, if the food products produced are in fact being exported, the subsidy of their production costs makes them unusually competitive in the world market, which increases the profits of the producers; in other words, the State is in fact taxing the local population with an outcome which is actually merely to increase the profit of food producers.[dubious ]
The stringent policy of agricultural protectionism is generally harmful to the workforce.[citation needed] Domestic agriculture acts as a shield against beneficial import of labour.[citation needed] Some people[who?] assert that Switzerland has a high cost of living not only in food but also rents, since much land needed for human occupation is retained by farms, but this is easily countered by statistics. About 40% of Switzerland is used for agricultural purposes, alpine pastures included,[19] and the surface of arable and permanent cropland is 10.6 percent of total land area (Europe 13.4%, world 11.3% - 1998 survey). This corresponds with 61 hectares of cropland per 1,000 people (Europe 422 ha/1000 people, world 251 ha/1000 people)[19][20] Thus the high rents are probably caused primarily by other factors such as the high population density and the tiny size of the country.
The first reform in agricultural policies was in 1993. Among other changes, since 1998 Switzerland has linked the attribution of farm subsidies with the strict observance of good environmental practice. Before farmers can apply for subsidies, they must obtain certificates of environmental management systems (EMS) proving that they: “make a balanced use of fertilizers; use at least 7% of their farmland as ecological compensation areas; regularly rotate crops; adopt appropriate measures to protect animals and soil; make limited and targeted use of pesticides.”[21] 1,500 farms are driven out of business each year. But the number of organic farms increased by 3.3 percent between 2003 and 2004, and organic sales increased by 7 percent to $979 million.[22] Moreover, Swiss consumers consider less important the drawback of higher prices for organic food compared to locally produced, conventional food.[19]
Trade
Imports in 2009
Exports in 2009
Graphical depiction of Switzerland's product imports and exports from 2009 in 28 color coded categories
Switzerland's largest trading partner is Germany. In 2009, 21% of Switzerland's exports and 29% of its imports came from Germany. The United States was the second largest destination of exports (9.1% of total exports) and the fourth largest source of imports (6.7%). Switzerland's neighbors made up next largest group; Italy was third for exports (8.6%) and second for imports (10%), France was fourth for exports (8%) and third for imports (8.1%) and Austria was fifth for exports (4.6%) and sixth for imports (3.7%). Major non-European trading partners included; Japan (seventh for exports with 3.6% and twelfth for imports with 2%), China (eighth for exports and imports with 3.1% and 2.5% respectively) and Turkey (sixteenth for exports with 1.2% and ninth for imports with 2.3%).[24]
As a first world country with a skilled labor force, the majority of Swiss exports are precision or high tech finished products. Switzerland's largest specific SITC categories of exports include; medicaments, glycosides and vaccines, watches, orthopaedic appliances and precious jewellery. Some raw ores or metals are exported, but the majority of the exports in this category are finished jewellery or other finished products. Agricultural products that Switzerland is famous for, such as cheese (0.29%), wine (0.05%) and chocolate (0.39%) all make up only a small portion of Swiss exports and agricultural products make up only a small portion of all exports.[24]
Switzerland's main imports include; medicaments, cars, precious jewellery and other unclassified transactions. While Switzerland has a long tradition of manufacturing cars,[25] there are currently no large-scale assembly line automobile manufacturers in the country.
| [show]Top 25 Imports and Exports for Switzerland for 2009 [24] |
|---|
| [show]Top 25 Trading Partners for Switzerland for 2009 [24] |
|---|
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Switzerland
14% of hotels were in Grisons, 12% each in the Valais and Eastern Switzerland, 11% in Central Switzerland and 9% in the Bernese Oberland. The ratio of lodging nights in relation to resident population ("tourism intensity", a measure for the relative importance of tourism to local economy) was largest in Grisons (8.3) and Bernese Oberland (5.3), compared to a Swiss average of 1.3. 56.4% of lodging nights were by visitors from abroad (broken down by nationality: 16.5% Germany, 6.3% UK, 4.8% USA, 3.6% France, 3.0% Italy) [26]
The total financial volume associated with tourism, including transportation, is estimated to CHF 35.5 billion (as of 2010) although some of this comes from fuel tax and sales of motorway vignettes. The total gross value added from tourism is 14.9 billion. Tourism provides a total of 144,838 full time equivalent jobs in the entire country. The total financial volume of tourist lodging is 5.19 billion CHF and eating at the lodging provides an additional 5.19 billion. The total gross value added of 14.9 billion is about 2.9% of Switzerland's 2010 nominal GDP of 550.57 billion CHF.[27][28]
Banking
Main article: Banking in Switzerland
In 2003, the financial sector comprised an estimated 11.6% of
Switzerland's GDP and employed approximately 196,000 people (136,000 of
whom work in the banking sector); this represents about 5.6% of the
total Swiss workforce.[29]Swiss neutrality and national sovereignty, long recognized by foreign nations, have fostered a stable environment in which the banking sector was able to develop and thrive. Switzerland has maintained neutrality through both World Wars, is not a member of the European Union, and was not even a member of the United Nations until 2002.[30][31]
Currently an estimated 28 percent of all funds held outside the country of origin (sometimes called "offshore" funds) are kept in Switzerland.[32] In 2009 Swiss banks managed 5.4 trillion Swiss Francs.[33]
The Bank of International Settlements, an organization that facilitates cooperation among the world's central banks, is headquartered in the city of Basel. Founded in 1930, the BIS chose to locate in Switzerland because of the country's neutrality, which was important to an organization founded by countries that had been on both sides of World War I.[34]
Foreign banks operating in Switzerland manage 870 billion Swiss francs worth of assets (as of May 2006).[35]
Workforce
The Swiss economy is characterised by a skilled and generally 'peaceful' workforce. One quarter of the country's full-time workers are unionised. Labour and management relations are amicable, characterised by a willingness to settle disputes instead of resorting to labour action. About 600 collective bargaining agreements exist today in Switzerland and are regularly renewed without major problems.With the peak of the number of bankruptcies in 2003, however, the mood was pessimistic. Massive layoffs and dismissals by enterprises resulting from the global economic slowdown, major management scandals and different foreign investment attitudes have strained the traditional Swiss labour peace. Swiss trade unions have encouraged strikes against several companies, including Swiss International Air Lines, Coca-Cola, and Orange. Total days lost to strikes, however, remain among the lowest in the OECD.
Income
Switzerland is among the world's most prosperous countries in terms of private income. In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 107,748 CHF, or USD 137,094 at purchasing power parity. The median income after social security, taxes and mandatory health insurance was 75,312 CHF, or USD 95,824 at purchasing power parity.Economic policy
Terrorism
Through the United States-Swiss Joint Economic Commission (JEC), Switzerland has passed strict legislation covering anti-terrorism financing and the prevention of terrorist acts, marked by the implementation of several anti-money laundering procedures and the seizure of al-Qaeda accounts. Continued relationship with the United States through the JEC has brought the Swiss economy into closer proximity with that of the Western world,[citation needed] with mutualistic goals in terrorism prevention providing the impetus.[citation needed]European Union
Apart from agriculture, there are minimal economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland. In the wake of the Swiss voters' rejection of the European Economic Area Agreement in 1992, the Swiss Government set its sights on negotiating bilateral economic agreements with the EU. Four years of negotiations culminated in Bilaterals, a cross-platform agreement covering seven sectors: research, public procurement, technical barriers to trade, agriculture, civil aviation, land transport, and the free movement of persons. Parliament officially endorsed the Bilaterals in 1999 and it was approved by general referendum in May 2000. The agreements, which were then ratified by the European Parliament and the legislatures of its member states, entered into force on June 1, 2002. The Swiss government has since embarked on a second round of negotiations, called the Bilaterals II, which will further strengthen the two organisations' economic ties.Switzerland has since brought most of their practices into conformity with European Union policies and norms in order to maximise the country's international competitiveness. While most of the EU policies are not contentious, police and judicial cooperation to international law enforcement and the taxation of savings are controversial, mainly because of possible side effects on bank secrecy.
Swiss and EU finance ministers agreed in June 2003 that Swiss banks would levy a withholding tax on EU citizens' savings income. The tax would increase gradually to 35% by 2011, with 75% of the funds being transferred to the EU. Recent estimates value EU capital inflows to Switzerland to $8.3 billion.
Institutional membership
Switzerland is a member of a number of international economic organizations, including the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.International comparison
| Countries | Agricultural sector % |
Manufacturing sector % |
Services sector % |
Unemployment rate % |
Unemployment rate (females) % |
Unemployment rate (males) % |
Average hours worked per week |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switzerland (2006) [17] | 3.8 | 23 | 73.2 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 41.6 |
| European Union-25 countries (2006)[36] | 4.7 | 27.4 | 67.9 | 8.2 | 9 | 7.6 | 40.5 |
| Germany (2006)[37] | 2.2 | 29.8 | 68 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 40.3 |
| France (2006)[38] | 3.9 | 24.3 | 71.8 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 8.1 | 39.1 |
| Italy (2006)[39] | 4.2 | 29.8 | 66 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 5.2 | 39.3 |
| United Kingdom (2006)[40] | 1.3 | 22 | 76.7 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 42.4 |
| United States (2005)[41] | 1.6 | 20.6 | 77.8 | 5.1[42] | 5.6 [43] | 5.9 [43] | 41[44] |
Regional disparities
| Cantons | Tax index for all Federal, Cantonal and Church Taxes (Switzerland = 100.0) 2006 |
Tax rate (% of total income) for a married couple with two children and 50,000CHF in income 2006 |
Tax rate (% of total income) for a married couple with two children and 150,000CHF in income 2006 |
Population under 20 as a percentage of total population aged 20–64 2007 |
National Income per person in CHF 2005 |
Change in National Income per person 2003-2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Switzerland |
100 | 2.36 | 11.56 | 34.59 | 54,031 | 5.3 |
 Zurich |
82.9 | 2.16 | 8.65 | 31.12 | 68,803 | 4.6 |
 Bern |
123.1 | 2.14 | 13.91 | 33.05 | 45,643 | 5 |
 Lucerne |
119 | 3.47 | 12.56 | 37.19 | 43,910 | 5.3 |
 Uri |
144.2 | 4.54 | 12.42 | 37.06 | 45,711 | 5.3 |
 Schwyz |
66.5 | 2.26 | 6.98 | 36.95 | 50,170 | 6.3 |
 Obwalden |
146.5 | 4.14 | 11.53 | 40.88 | 39,645 | 4.7 |
 Nidwalden |
79.1 | 2.31 | 9.41 | 34.55 | 73,285 | 15.6 |
 Glarus |
134.8 | 4.62 | 12.56 | 36.85 | 73,236 | 10.9 |
 Zug |
50.3 | 0.47 | 5.5 | 35.45 | 93,752 | 5.4 |
 Fribourg |
126.4 | 2.33 | 12.74 | 40.2 | 39,559 | 2.6 |
 Solothurn |
116.9 | 2.36 | 12.95 | 34.34 | 46,844 | 4.9 |
 Basel-Stadt |
113.1 | 1.01 | 14.3 | 26.6 | 115,178 | 15.9 |
 Basel-Landschaft |
92.5 | 2.12 | 12.4 | 33 | 53,501 | 3.9 |
 Schaffhausen |
114.6 | 2.94 | 11.62 | 32.92 | 55,125 | 5.4 |
 Appenzell Ausserrhoden |
121.7 | 3.8 | 12.06 | 37.6 | 44,215 | 4.7 |
 Appenzell Innerrhoden |
105.6 | 3.18 | 9.88 | 44.46 | 45,936 | 7.4 |
 St. Gallen |
115.5 | 2.53 | 12.68 | 37.66 | 44,866 | 4 |
 Grisons |
112.2 | 2.99 | 11.51 | 33.97 | 49,355 | 11.7 |
 Aargau |
87.4 | 1.52 | 10.4 | 34.9 | 49,209 | 2.5 |
 Thurgau |
86.6 | 0.34 | 11.48 | 37.52 | 44,918 | 3.2 |
 Ticino |
64.6 | 0.24 | 9.04 | 31.14 | 41,335 | 3.4 |
 Vaud |
106.2 | 0.42 | 12.2 | 37.87 | 52,901 | 3.4 |
 Valais |
121.3 | 2.72 | 10.68 | 35.18 | 38,385 | 6 |
 Neuchâtel |
137.1 | 3.8 | 15.96 | 38.06 | 49,775 | 6.6 |
 Geneva |
89.8 | 0.05 | 11.81 | 35.4 | 62,839 | 5.1 |
 Jura |
126.6 | 2.87 | 15.26 | 40.09 | 38,069 | 6.4 |
- Source:[45]
See also
- Taxation in Switzerland
- Science and technology in Switzerland
- Merchant Marine of Switzerland
- Economy of Europe
- Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH
- 2000-watt society
- Swiss National Bank
- Banking in Switzerland
References
- ^ Field listing - GDP (official exchange rate), CIA World Factbook
- ^ "Gross domestic product - quarterly estimates". State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
- ^ "Population size and population composition – Data, indicators". Swiss Statistics. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
- ^ "PPPs and exchange rates". OECD. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
- ^ "GDP per head, US $, current prices, current PPPs". OECD. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ "Indice des prix à la consommation – Indicateurs". Swiss Bureau of Federal Statistics. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
- ^ "Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries". OECD. October 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
- ^ "Swiss Labour Force Survey 2010". Swiss Bureau of Federal Statistics. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "La situation sur le marché du travail". SECO. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ "Doing Business in Switzerland 2012". World Bank. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
- ^ "Increase in Swiss official development assistance". Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation - SDC. 2010-09-17. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "Sovereigns rating list". Standard & Poor's. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ a b c Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (15 April 2011). "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ "International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity - SWITZERLAND". International Monetary Fund. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ a b "Gross domestic product - quarterly estimates". Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "Outlook T1". Retrieved 2011-04-27.
- ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Switzerland (German) accessed 21 December 2009
- ^ a b Switzerland entry at The World Factbook
- ^ a b c d Organic Farming in Switzerland. By Urs Niggli.
- ^ Earthtrends.
- ^ Swiss Environmental Statistics Office.
- ^ U.S. trade with Switzerland. Government document.
- ^ United Nations Statistics Division-Analytical trade tables accessed 7 May 2012
- ^ a b c d The Observatory of Economic Complexity database accessed 7 May 2012
- ^ Swiss car register accessed 7 May 2012
- ^ Switzerland Tourism, "Swiss Tourism in Figures - 2007 [1]"
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Tourism accessed 7 May 2012
- ^ SECO Gross domestic product - quarterly estimates accessed 7 May 2012
- ^ "The economic significance of the Swiss financial centre" (PDF). Swiss Bankers Association. Retrieved 2010-05-20.[dead link]
- ^ "The World Factbook - Switzerland - Introduction". Central Intelligence Agency. 2006-06-13. Retrieved 2006-06-17.
- ^ "Country profile: Switzerland". BBC News. 2006-03-26. Retrieved 2006-06-17.
- ^ The Boston Consulting Group "Global Wealth 2009"
- ^ "The economic signifance of the Swiss financial centre". Swiss Bankers Association. Retrieved 2010-05-20.[dead link]
- ^ "Origins: Why Basel?". Bank of International Settlements. Retrieved 2006-06-16.
- ^ "Foreign Banks In Switzerland Manage CHF870 Billion In Assets". Dow Jones. 2006-05-29. Retrieved 2006-06-15.
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - European Union (German) accessed 21 December 2009
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Germany (German) accessed 21 December 2009
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - France (German) accessed 21 December 2009
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Italy (German) accessed 21 December 2009
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - United Kingdom (German) accessed 21 December 2009
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - United States (German) accessed 21 December 2009
- ^ 2006 statistics
- ^ a b 2002 statistics
- ^ 2003 statistics
- ^ Regionale Disparitäten in der Schweiz - Schlüsselindikatoren (German) (French) accessed 20 December 2011
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Economy of Switzerland |
| Kinh tế Thụy Sĩ | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tiền | Franc Thụy Sĩ (CHF) | |
| Năm tài chính | Chương trình nghị sự hàng năm | |
| Tổ chức thương mại | OECD, WTO, EFTA, JEC | |
| Thống kê | ||
| GDP (2007) | Xếp thứ 36 [1] | |
| GDP (2006) | CHF486.2 hay 371,5 tỉ USD [2] | |
| Tăng GDP | 4,9% danh nghĩa , 3,2% thực (2006) | |
| GDP đầu người | 33.800 USD | |
| GDP theo lĩnh vực | Nông nghiệp (1,5%), công nghiệp (34.0%), dịch vụ (64,5%) (2004) | |
| Lạm phát | 1,4% (Q1 2006) | |
| Dưới mức nghèo | 3,3% (2005)[3] | |
| Lực lượng lao động | 3,8 triệu (2004) [4] | |
| Lao động theo nghề | Nông nghiệp (4,6%), công nghiệp (26,3%), dịch vụ (69,1%) (2002) | |
| Tỉ lệ thất nghiệp | 2,5% (2007) | |
| Các ngành công nghiệp | Máy móc, hóa chất, đồng hồ, sợi dệt, dụng cụ | |
| Trao đổi thương mại | ||
| Xuất khẩu | 130,7 tỉ USD (2004) | |
| Đối tác chính | Đức 20%, Hoa Kỳ 9,1%, Pháp 9,1%, Italy 8,8%, Anh 4,9% (2004) | |
| Nhập khẩu | 121,1 tỉ USD (2004) | |
| Đối tác chính | Đức 29%, Italy 11,8%, Pháp 11,1%, Hoa Kỳ 7,6%, Austria 4,5%, Anh 4,5%, Netherlands 4,3% (2004) | |
| Tài chính công | ||
| Nợ công cộng | 57,2% GDP (2005) | |
| Nợ nước ngoài | $NA | |
| Thu | 131,5 tỉ USD (2004) | |
| Chi | 140,4 tỉ USD (2004) | |
| Viện trợ ODA | 1,1 tỉ USD (1997) | |
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